Wednesday, 26 August 2026

Week 6 Term 3 2026 Refraction, Wave Equation, Snell's Law, TIR (Totoal Internal Reflection)

 Homework:

Basic Properties of Waves

  • Act 5A, p,53, Pulses and Waves
  • Ex 3D, p.66--67, Wave Properties
Superposition & Diffraction
  • Ex 3F, p.3F, p.73-75 Superposition
  • Act 5B, p. 58, Reflection, Refraction and Diffraction of Waves
  • Act 5C, p.63-64, Diffraction and Superposition
  • Ex 3E, p.69-70, Diffration
  • Ex 3H, p.81-83 Waves on a String

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

  • Ex 3B, p. 47-52, Refraction
  • Ex 3G, p.76-78 Two Point Source Interference
Reflection, Refraction and Diffraction
  • Act 5B, p. 58, Reflection, Refraction and Diffraction of Waves
  • Act 7A, p.83-84, Refraction of Light
  • Act 7B, p.86, Critical Angle
  • Act 7C, p.87, Prisms
  • Ex 3B, p. 47-52, Refraction of Light
  • Ex 3I, p.85-87 Wave Refraction on a String

Snell's Law & Critical Angle
The Critical Angle occurs when a wave is attempting to pass from a medium with a slower speed to that of a higher speed 
low v higher v
low 𝜆 higher 𝜆
high n → lower n

The Critical angle is the incident angle where the refracted angle equals 90 degrees

Any incident above the Critical angle will prevent any refraction occuring and Total Internal Reflection will occur
The Critical angle is can be found by sin(𝜭c) = n2/n1





FibreOptic Cables: How they work?



Total Internal Reflection T.I.R.

What Happens to Lazers Underwater?

Wednesday, 19 August 2026

Week 5 Term 3 2026 Waves Superposition and Two Point Source Interference

Homework:

Basic Properties of Waves

  • Act 5A, p,53, Pulses and Waves
  • Ex 3D, p.66--67, Wave Properties
Superposition & Diffraction
  • Ex 3F, p.3F, p.73-75 Superposition
  • Act 5B, p. 58, Reflection, Refraction and Diffraction of Waves
  • Act 5C, p.63-64, Diffraction and Superposition
  • Ex 3E, p.69-70, Diffration
  • Ex 3H, p.81-83 Waves on a String
  • Ex 3I, p.85-87 Wave Refraction on a String

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

  • Ex 3B, p. 47-52, Refraction
  • Ex 3G, p.76-78 Two Point Source Interference
Reflection, Refraction and Diffraction
  • Act 5B, p. 58, Reflection, Refraction and Diffraction of Waves

Diffraction

Diffraction of Water Waves in a Ripple Tank



Two Point Source Interference

Two Point Source Interference





Double Slit Experiment



Wednesday, 12 August 2026

Week 4 Yerm 3 2026 Waves Basic Properties and Superposition

  Homework:

  • Act 5A, p,53, Pulses and Waves
  • Ex 3D, p.66--67, Wave Properties
  • Ex 3F, p.3F, p.73-75 Superposition
  • Act 5B, p. 58, Reflection, Refraction and Diffraction of Waves
  • Act 5C, p.63-64, Diffraction and Superposition

Basic Properties of Waves
waves transfer energy through a medium without transferring the medium itself

  • Cycle - a basic repeating unit in a wave
  • Amplitude A (m) - the distance from the middle point to the top of a crest, or bottom of a trough
  • Wavelength 𝜆 (m) - the distance/length of one cycle
  • Period T (s = s per cycle) - the time it takes for one cycle to pass a point
  • Frequency f (Hz = cycles per second) - the number of cycles that pass in one second

T = 1/f & f = 1/T


  • Wave Speed v (ms-1) the speed of a wave
v = 𝜆/T & v = f𝜆


Wave Properties

Frequency & Period

Wave Phase

Pendulum Waves

Longitudinal Waves
particle displacement in the medium is parallel to the direction of wave propagation e.g. sound waves, primary earthquake waves

Transverse Waves
particle displacement in the medium is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation e.g. light and other electromagnetic waves, secondary earthquake waves



  • Superposition of Waves: two waves traveling through each other will not change each other motion in any way, but they will add to one another when they overlap
    • Constructive Interference - Reinforcement - In Phase
    • Destructive Interference - Cancellation - Out of Phase



Reflection on A String
Hard Boundary
Wave reflects on opposite side (opposite phase)
Same Amplitude, A
Same Wavelength, 𝛌
Same Wave Speed, v

Reflection on A String
Soft Boundary
Wave reflects on same side (same phase)
Same Amplitude, A
Same Wavelength, 𝛌
Same Wave Speed, v

Refraction on A String
Fast to Slow Boundary
Relation of waves to Incident Wave
Reflected Wave - same speed - same wavelength 𝛌 - opposite phase
Refracted Wave - slower speed - smaller wavelength 𝛌 - same phase

Refraction on A String
Slow to Fast Boundary
Relation of waves to Incident Wave
Reflected Wave - same speed - same wavelength 𝛌 - same phase
Refracted Wave - faster speed - larger wavelength 𝛌 - same phase


Diffraction

  • The Bending of Waves Around Corners
  • Larger Wavelength, 𝛌 - greater the angle of diffraction
  • Shorter Wavelength, 𝛌 - smaller the angle of diffraction
  • Also the smaller the gap the greater the angle of diffraction



Diffraction

Diffraction of Water Waves in a Ripple Tank

Cymatics


Cymatics

Cymatics: Hose Pipe Water Experiment



Singing plates - Standing Waves on Chladni plates



Cymatics: Ruben's Tube Vs. Tesla Coil


Sound + Fire = Rubens' Tube


A better description of resonance